Тюрки (лингвоним)

Тюрки́ — термин, часто использовавшийся в исламском мире для обозначения всех тюркских языков в противоположность персидскому и арабскому^[1]^[2].

Тюрки́ в различных временных и региональных контекстах может обозначать:

чагатайский язык^[1]^[3].
одно из исторических названий азербайджанского языка^[4]^[5]^[3], до сих пор используемое в Южном Азербайджане^[6].
старотюркский литературный язык X—XIV веков^[7].
старотатарский язык.
староанатолийский язык^[8].
мамлюкско-кыпчакский язык в арабской литературе именуется тюркским (турки).

В западной академической литературе ранее под тюрки́ подразумевался только восточно-тюркский (чагатайский) язык^[1], что иногда приводило к ошибкам среди учёных. Например, Эдвард Гранвил Браун причислил источник конца XV века созданный в центральном Иране «Тарих-и Хатаи» к чагатайскому языку, так как переводчик называл язык оригинала «тюрки́»^[1]. Другой видный ученый Лоуренс Локхарт ошибочно определил родной огузский-тюркский язык Надир-шаха чагатайским языком^[2].

Примечания

↑ ¹ ² ³ ⁴ Ildiko Beller-Hann The Oghuz split: the emergence of Turc Ajämi as a written idiom // Materialia Turcica. — С. 115.
↑ ¹ ² Tourkhan Gandjei, The Turkish inscription of Kalat-i Nadiri, Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes, Vol. 69 (1977), pp. 45-53
↑ ¹ ² Flemming, 2018, p. 127: «And then there was a further possibility of multilingualism for Turkish poets in the time period we are speaking about. To make oneself understood to a public who lived spread out across immense regions from Central Asia to the near East and whose dialects had drifted apart, three dialects that served as literary languages were available: 'Old Anatolian-Turkish or Ottoman (called türk, türkī and in the Mamlūk state türkmenī); East-Turkish (called türkī and later çagatāyī); and thirdly, Āzerī which lay between the other two and was designated as türkī or türkmenī.».
↑ Willem Floor, Hasan Javadi The Role of Azerbaijani Turkish in Safavid Iran // Iranian Studies. Vol. 46. Issue 4. — 2013. — С. 569—581.
Оригинальный текст (англ.)
During the Safavid period Azerbaijani Turkish, or, as it was also referred to at that time, Qizilbash Turkish, occupied an important place in society, and it was spoken both at court and by the common people. Although Turkish was widely spoken in Safavid Iran this fact is rarely mentioned. Usually neither Persian nor European authors mention in which language people communicated with each other. The Turkish spoken in Safavid Iran was mostly what nowadays is referred to as Azeri or Azerbaijani Turkish. However, at that time it was referred to by various other names. It would seem that the poet and miniaturist Sadeqi Afshar (1533–1610), whose mother tongue was not Azerbaijani Turkish, but Chaghatay (although he was born in Tabriz), was the first to refer to speakers of Qizilbashi (motakallemin-e Qizilbash), but he, and one century later ‘Abdol-Jamil Nasiri, were the exception to this general rule of calling the language “Turki.”1 The Portuguese called it Turquesco. Other Europeans and most Iranians called it Turkish or Turki. For the sake of simplicity and to avoid confusion we call the Turkic language used in Safavid Iran, Azerbaijani Turkish.
↑ Glanville Price. Azeri (by Tourkhan Gandjeï) // Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe. — 2000 — С. 22.
↑ Süer Eker. FARSÇANIN KISKACINDA GÜNEY AZERBAYCAN TÜRKÇESİ // Türk Araşdırmaları. — 2008. — Осень (№ 9). — С. 190. — ISSN 1305-5992.
↑ М. З. Закиев Татары: проблемы истории и языка — Казань, 1995 г.
↑ Flemming, 2018, p. 127: «And then there was a further possibility of multilingualism for Turkish poets in the time period we are speaking about. To make oneself understood to a public who lived spread out across immense regions from Central Asia to the near East and whose dialects had drifted apart, three dialects that served as literary languages were available: 'Old Anatolian-Turkish or Ottoman (called türk, türkī and in the Mamlūk state türkmenī); East-Turkish (called türkī and later çagatāyī); and thirdly, Āzerī which lay between the other two and was designated as türkī or türkmenī.».

Литература

Barbara Flemming. Essays on Turkish Literature and History. — Leiden, Boston, 2018. — ISBN 2017037118.

См. также

Тюрки (язык)

[:0-1] ¹ ² ³ ⁴ Ildiko Beller-Hann The Oghuz split: the emergence of Turc Ajämi as a written idiom // Materialia Turcica. — С. 115.

[:1-2] ¹ ² Tourkhan Gandjei, The Turkish inscription of Kalat-i Nadiri, Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes, Vol. 69 (1977), pp. 45-53

[_6f3972b866521822-3] ¹ ² Flemming, 2018, p. 127: «And then there was a further possibility of multilingualism for Turkish poets in the time period we are speaking about. To make oneself understood to a public who lived spread out across immense regions from Central Asia to the near East and whose dialects had drifted apart, three dialects that served as literary languages were available: 'Old Anatolian-Turkish or Ottoman (called türk, türkī and in the Mamlūk state türkmenī); East-Turkish (called türkī and later çagatāyī); and thirdly, Āzerī which lay between the other two and was designated as türkī or türkmenī.».

[4] Willem Floor, Hasan Javadi The Role of Azerbaijani Turkish in Safavid Iran // Iranian Studies. Vol. 46. Issue 4. — 2013. — С. 569—581.
Оригинальный текст (англ.)
During the Safavid period Azerbaijani Turkish, or, as it was also referred to at that time, Qizilbash Turkish, occupied an important place in society, and it was spoken both at court and by the common people. Although Turkish was widely spoken in Safavid Iran this fact is rarely mentioned. Usually neither Persian nor European authors mention in which language people communicated with each other. The Turkish spoken in Safavid Iran was mostly what nowadays is referred to as Azeri or Azerbaijani Turkish. However, at that time it was referred to by various other names. It would seem that the poet and miniaturist Sadeqi Afshar (1533–1610), whose mother tongue was not Azerbaijani Turkish, but Chaghatay (although he was born in Tabriz), was the first to refer to speakers of Qizilbashi (motakallemin-e Qizilbash), but he, and one century later ‘Abdol-Jamil Nasiri, were the exception to this general rule of calling the language “Turki.”1 The Portuguese called it Turquesco. Other Europeans and most Iranians called it Turkish or Turki. For the sake of simplicity and to avoid confusion we call the Turkic language used in Safavid Iran, Azerbaijani Turkish.

[5] Glanville Price. Azeri (by Tourkhan Gandjeï) // Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe. — 2000 — С. 22.

[6] Süer Eker. FARSÇANIN KISKACINDA GÜNEY AZERBAYCAN TÜRKÇESİ // Türk Araşdırmaları. — 2008. — Осень (№ 9). — С. 190. — ISSN 1305-5992.

[7] М. З. Закиев Татары: проблемы истории и языка — Казань, 1995 г.

[_3d064f669a0809b8-8] Flemming, 2018, p. 127: «And then there was a further possibility of multilingualism for Turkish poets in the time period we are speaking about. To make oneself understood to a public who lived spread out across immense regions from Central Asia to the near East and whose dialects had drifted apart, three dialects that served as literary languages were available: 'Old Anatolian-Turkish or Ottoman (called türk, türkī and in the Mamlūk state türkmenī); East-Turkish (called türkī and later çagatāyī); and thirdly, Āzerī which lay between the other two and was designated as türkī or türkmenī.».

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